Territorial defense by coyotes (Canis latrans) in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: who, how, where, when, and why
نویسنده
چکیده
Territorial defense and maintenance are an important facet of the social ecology of most carnivore species. From January 1991 to June 1993, we observed 54 coyotes (Canis latrans) for 2507 h in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, during which we observed 112 instances of territory defense. The identity of the coyotes involved in challenging and evicting intruding animals was known. Alpha coyotes were most likely to be involved in territorial evictions of intruding animals, followed by beta individuals; pups participated little in territory defense. Coyotes evicting intruders generally had a numerical advantage when challenging the intruders. Territory-defense rates were highest during and immediately after the breeding season and during the time of pup emergence from the den. All chases of intruders ended at the boundary of the resident coyote pack’s territory. Physical contact between the intruding animal and resident pack members occurred with no intruders being killed or seriously injured. Physical contact consisted of fighting and ritualized behaviors, with only a few instances in which fighting led to blood being drawn or minor injuries to the intruder. Most encounters resulted in a hasty retreat from the area by the intruder(s). While indirect means of territory maintenance (i.e., howling and scent-marking) were utilized by resident packs, trespassing still occurred and direct confrontation was needed to enforce boundaries and assert occupancy against other resident packs, as well as against lone intruders seeking territory vacancies. Territoriality was advantageous in that territory holders generally had higher survival rates (except pups), contributed all the reproductive effort to the population, and had greater access to food resources. In contrast, nonterritorial animals had lower survival rates, did not breed, and had reduced access to food (ungulate carcasses) during winter. Résumé : La défense et la conservation du territoire constituent une facette importante de l’écologie sociale de la plupart des espèces de carnivores. De janvier 1991 à juin 1993, nous avons observé 54 coyotes (Canis latrans) pendant 2507 h dans le parc national de Yellowstone, au Wyoming, au cours desquelles nous avons étudié 112 cas de défense de territoire. Les coyotes qui ont défié et chassé des intrus de leur territoire ont été identifiés. Les coyotes alpha sont plus enclins à évincer les intrus de leur territoire, suivis des coyotes bêta; les petits participent peu à la défense territoriale. Les coyotes qui évincent des intrus ont généralement l’avantage numérique lorsqu’ils les poursuivent. La fréquence des cas de défense territoriale est maximale pendant et immédiatement après la saison de reproduction et au moment de la sortie des petits des terriers. Toutes les poursuites observées ont pris fin à la frontière du territoire de la meute résidante. Les contacts physiques entre intrus et résidants de la meute n’ont jamais abouti à la mort d’un intrus, ni même à des blessures graves. Les contacts physiques se limitent à des batailles ou à des comportements rituels et seulement quelques batailles se sont terminées par un épanchement de sang ou par l’administration de blessures légères à l’intrus. La plupart des rencontres se sont soldées par la fuite précipitée des intrus de la zone occupée. Malgré l’utilisation des méthodes indirectes de conservation des territoires (i.e., les hurlements et l’imprégnation d’odeurs) par les membres du troupeau résidant, les intrus ont continué de passer les frontières territoriales et la confrontation directe s’est avérée nécessaire pour faire respecter les frontières et défendre le territoire contre les coyotes d’autres meutes résidantes et contre des coyotes solitaires se cherchant un territoire libre. La territorialité est un atout, puisque les détenteurs de territoires (à l’exception des petits) ont généralement un meilleur taux de survie, ils sont les seuls individus de la population à participer à l’effort reproducteur et ils ont plus facilement accès aux ressources alimentaires. Au contraire, les coyotes non territoriaux ont des taux de survie plus faibles, ils ne se reproduisent pas et ils ont un accès limité aux ressources alimentaires (carcasses d’ongulés) en hiver. [Traduit par la Rédaction] 987
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Serological survey for diseases in free-ranging coyotes (Canis latrans) in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
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